Compression of images having overlapping fields of view using machine-learned models

ABSTRACT

A machine-learned image compression model includes a first encoder configured to generate a first image code based at least in part on first image data. The first encoder includes a first series of convolutional layers configured to generate a first series of respective feature maps based at least in part on the first image. A second encoder is configured to generate a second image code based at least in part on second image data and includes a second series of convolutional layers configured to generate a second series of respective feature maps based at least in part on the second image and disparity-warped feature data. Respective parametric skip functions associated convolutional layers of the second series are configured to generate disparity-warped feature data based at least in part on disparity associated with the first series of respective feature maps and the second series of respective feature maps.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/822,842 filed on Mar. 23, 2019 and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/969,990 filed on Feb. 4, 2020.U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/822,842 and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/969,990 are hereby incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to improving the ability ofcomputing devices to compress image data.

BACKGROUND

Many applications such as autonomous vehicles and three-dimensionalmovies involve the use of stereo camera pairs. These arrays of camerasoftentimes capture and store massive quantities of data per day, whichrequire good image compression algorithms to ensure an efficient use ofspace. Some approaches to image compression include compressing theimage streams from each camera separately. However, such approaches maybe inefficient through their view of the images independently. Hence,there is a need for improved compression method for images.

SUMMARY

Aspects and advantages of embodiments of the present disclosure will beset forth in part in the following description, or may be learned fromthe description, or may be learned through practice of the embodiments.

One example aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a computingsystem including one or more processors and one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media that collectively store a machine-learned imagecompression model configured to generate compressed image data inresponse to image data associated with at least two image sensors havingat least partially overlapping fields of view. The machine-learned imagecompression model includes a first encoder configured to generate afirst image code based at least in part on first image data indicativeof a first image associated with a first image sensor. The first encoderincludes a first series of convolutional layers configured to generate afirst series of respective feature maps based at least in part on thefirst image. The model includes a second encoder configured to generatea second image code based at least in part on second image dataindicative of a second image associated with a second image sensor. Thesecond encoder includes a second series of convolutional layersconfigured to generate a second series of respective feature maps basedat least in part on the second image and disparity-warped feature dataassociated with the first image. The model includes a plurality ofrespective parametric skip functions associated with at least a subsetof convolutional layers of the second series of convolutional layers andconfigured to generate the disparity-warped feature data based at leastin part on disparity associated with the first series of respectivefeature maps and the second series of respective feature maps.

Another example aspect of the present disclosure is directed to acomputer-implemented method of digital image compression. The methodincludes obtaining, by a computing system comprising one or morecomputing devices, first image data indicative of a first imageassociated with a first image sensor and second image data indicative ofa second image associated with a second image sensor. The methodincludes encoding, by the computing system using a first series ofconvolutional layers of a machine-learned image compression model, thefirst image data indicative of the first image into a first series ofrespective feature maps and a first image code. The method includesgenerating, by the computing system using a plurality of parametric skipfunctions of the machine-learned image compression model,disparity-warped featured data based at least in part on the firstseries of respective feature maps and a second series of respectivefeature maps. The method includes encoding, by the computing systemusing a second series of convolutional layers of a machine-learned imagecompression model, the second image data indicative of the second imageinto the second series of respective feature maps and a second imagecode based at least in part on the disparity-warped feature data.

Yet another example aspect of the present disclosure is directed to anautonomous vehicle that includes a plurality of vehicle sensorsincluding a first image sensor and a second image sensor, one or moreprocessors, and one or more tangible, non-transitory, computer readablemedia that collectively store instructions that when executed by the oneor more processors cause the one or more processors to performoperations. The operations include obtaining first image data indicativeof a first image associated with the first image sensor and second imagedata indicative of a second image associated with the second imagesensor. The operations include encoding, using a first series ofconvolutional layers of a machine-learned image compression model, thefirst image data indicative of the first image into a first series ofrespective feature maps and a first image code. The operations includegenerating, using a plurality of skip functions of the machine-learnedimage compression model, disparity-warped featured data based at leastin part on the first series of respective feature maps and a secondseries of respective feature maps. The operations include encoding,using a second series of convolutional layers of the machine-learnedimage compression model, the second image data indicative of the secondimage into the second series of respective feature maps and a secondimage code based at least in part on the disparity-warped feature data.

Other example aspects of the present disclosure are directed to systems,methods, vehicles, apparatuses, tangible, non-transitorycomputer-readable media, and memory devices for compressing data.

These and other features, aspects and advantages of various embodimentswill become better understood with reference to the followingdescription and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which areincorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrateembodiments of the present disclosure and, together with thedescription, serve to explain the related principles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Detailed discussion of embodiments directed to one of ordinary skill inthe art are set forth in the specification, which makes reference to theappended figures, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an example system overview including an autonomousvehicle according to example embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 depicts an example computing environment including amachine-learned image compression system according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method for encodingimage data using a machine-learned image compression system according toexample embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method for decodingimage data using a machine-learned image compression system according toexample embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 depicts an example computing environment including a computerarchitecture of a machine-learned image compression model according toexample embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 depicts an example block diagram of a parametric skip function ofa machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 depicts an example of joint image compression and reconstructionusing a machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method for generateddisparity-warped featured data by a parametric skip function of amachine-learned image compression model according to example embodimentsof the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 depicts an example computing environment including a computerarchitecture of a global context component of a parametric skip functionof a machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 depicts an example computing environment including a computerarchitecture of a cost volume component of a parametric skip function ofa machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method for modelingprobabilistic dependence between images using a conditional entropymodel of a machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 depicts an example computing environment including a computerarchitecture of a hyper-encoder and entropy model of a machine-learnedimage compression model according to example embodiments of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 13 depicts an example computing environment including a computerarchitecture of a portion of an entropy model of a machine-learned imagecompression model according to example embodiments of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 14 depicts example system units for performing operations andfunctions according to example embodiments of the present disclosure;and

FIG. 15 depicts example system components according to exampleimplementations of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments, one or moreexample(s) of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example isprovided by way of explanation of the embodiments, not limitation of thepresent disclosure. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in theart that various modifications and variations can be made to theembodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the presentdisclosure. For instance, features illustrated or described as part ofone embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a stillfurther embodiment. Thus, it is intended that aspects of the presentdisclosure cover such modifications and variations.

Generally, the present disclosure is directed to improved systems andmethods for image compression of multiple images using one ormachine-learned models including skip functions that are trained topropagate information between images. For example, the machine learnedmodel(s) can extract information from one image in order to reduce thebitrate of another image when generating compressed image data for bothimages such that the overall bitrate for the images is reduced. Moreparticularly, a machine-learned image compression model is provided thatutilizes parametric skip functions to enhance the compression of asecond image based on disparity-warped features generated from a firstimage, such as a pair of stereo images that have at least partiallyoverlapping fields of view. The model can utilize single imagecompression autoencoders that are enhanced with the parametric skipfunctions to feed fully differentiable, disparity-warped features atmultiple levels to encoders and/or decoders for the second image. Bypassing multi-level information from the encoders and/or decoders forthe first image, fewer bits can be stored for the second image.Additionally, in some examples, a probabilistic dependence betweenimages codes for a first image and a second image can be modeled using aconditional entropy model. The conditional entropy model can capture acorrelation between the two images to help reduce the joint entropy ofthe two image codes. In this manner, the joint bitrate of the two imagecodes can be reduced. By utilizing parametric skip functions and aconditional entropy model, a machine-learned image compression systemcan reduce the bitrates of images to provide an efficient use of storagespace. For example, the machine-learned image compression system can beused by an autonomous vehicle to efficiently store image data associatedwith a stereo pair of image sensors used as part of a vehicle computingsystem of the vehicle. While many examples are provided with respect tostereo pairs, the disclosed technology can be utilized with two or moreimages having at least partially overlapping fields of view.

According to example aspects of the present disclosure, a singlemachine-learned image compression model is provided that can jointlycompress two or more images having at least partially overlapping fieldsof view. In some examples, the model can extract information from oneimage in order to reduce the bitrate in the second image, such that thetotal bitrate for the pair is lower than the result of single-imagecompression. In an example approach, a two-stream deep encoder-decodernetwork is provided. Each image in a pair of images such as a stereopair can be passed to a separate encoder/quantizer to generate adiscretized image code (e.g., latent code). A decoder can be used toreconstruct the image from the latent image code. Parametric skipfunctions can be provided in order to propagate information from thefeature maps generated by the encoder/decoder for the first image to theencoder/decoder for the second image. In this manner, a reduced numberof bits can be stored for the second image code. A conditional entropymodel can be used to model the correlation between the two image codesof the two images to reduce the joint entropy, and hence the jointbitrate, of the two image codes.

According to example aspects of the present disclosure, amachine-learned image compression model can include a first encoderconfigured to encode a first image into an image code such as a firstlatent image code in a latent space and a second encoder configured toencode a second image into a second image code such as a second latentimage code in the latent space. The first encoder can include a seriesof convolutional layers where each layer generates a respective featuremap based on the first image. The second encoder can include a secondseries of convolutional layers where each layer generates a respectivefeature map based on the second image and disparity-warped feature dataassociated with the first image and the second image. Thedisparity-warped feature data can be generated by a set of parametricskip functions for at least a subset of the convolutional layers of thesecond encoder.

Similarly, the model can include a first decoder configured toreconstruct the first image from the first image code and a seconddecoder configured to reconstruct the second image using the secondimage code. The first decoder can include a series of convolutionallayers where each layer generates a respective feature map based on thefirst image code. The second decoder can include a second series ofconvolutional layers where each layer generates a respective feature mapbased on the second image code and disparity-warped feature dataassociated with the first image and the second image. Thedisparity-warped feature data can be generated by a set of parametricskip functions for at least a subset of the convolutional layers of thesecond decoder. Additional encoders and decoders can be used to processadditional images, such as three or more images having at leastpartially overlapping fields of view.

In example embodiments, the set of parametric skip functions for thesecond encoder and decoder can include a respective parametric skipfunction for each convolutional layer of a subset of the convolutionallayers for the second encoder or decoder. For instance, the subset caninclude each convolutional layer except the first convolutional layer ofthe series of convolutional layers of the second encoder or seconddecoder. By way of example, each parametric skip function can propagateimage information from the first encoder to the second encoder or fromthe first decoder to the second decoder. More particularly, theparametric skip functions can exploit the correlation between thefeature maps of the two images at one or more levels of theencoder/decoder. By estimating the disparity between each pair offeature maps for a given level, the image compression model can warpfeatures from the first feature map associated with the first image tothe second feature map associated with the second image. By warpingfeatures, the pixel-level alignment between the two feature maps can beimproved which can enable the model to accurately pass information fromthe first feature map to the corresponding spatial positions of thesecond feature map.

According to some aspects, the parametric skip function for a particularlevel of the second encoder can include three inputs. The first inputcan receive a first feature map from the previous convolutional layer ofthe first encoder (e.g., for image 1). The second input can receive asecond feature map from the previous convolutional layer of the secondencoder (e.g., for image 2). The third input can receive the first imagecode. The parametric skip function can generate disparity-warped featuredata based at least in part on disparity between the first image and thesecond image. The disparity-warped feature data can includedisparity-warped features generated by warping features from the firstfeature map to the second feature map. By way of example, thedisparity-warped features can be generated and provided to all or aportion of the levels of the encoder for the second image. Additionallyor alternatively, the disparity-warped feature data can includepredicted features for the feature map corresponding to the secondimage.

Similarly, the parametric skip function for a particular level of thesecond decoder can include three inputs. The first input can receive afirst feature map from the previous convolutional layer of the firstdecoder. The second input can receive a second feature map from theprevious convolutional layer of the second decoder. The third input canreceive the first image code. The parametric skip function can generatedisparity-warped feature data based at least in part on disparitybetween the first image and the second image. The disparity-warpedfeature data can include disparity-warped features generated by warpingfeatures from the first feature map to the second feature map. By way ofexample, the disparity-warped features can be generated and provided toall or a portion of the levels of the decoder for the second image.

According to example aspects, the parametric skip function for aparticular level of the second encoder/decoder can include a fullyconvolutional global context encoding unit, a cost volume estimationunit, a feature warping unit, and an aggregation function unit. Theglobal context encoding unit can be configured to encode the image codeof the first image to a feature descriptor in order to capture globalcontext information of the first image contained in its latent code. Theglobal context feature can be shared across all the different levels ofthe image compression system. The stereo cost volume component of theskip function can estimate a cost volume from the inputs to theparametric skip function including the first feature map, the secondfeature map, and the global context. The feature warping unit can warpfeatures from the first image to the second image. In some examples, thefeature warping unit can generate a warped feature map which betteraligns with the feature map of the second image. The aggregationfunction unit can be configured to predict the feature map of the secondimage which can be provided as the final output of the parametric skipfunction.

In some examples, the machine-learned image compression system caninclude a conditional entropy model configured to accurately model theentropy of the quantized image codes based on the correlation betweenthe image codes of the two images. The image codes of the two images caninclude highly correlated image content, such as where the images are astereo pair of images from closely aligned image sensors having at leastpartially overlapping fields of view. The conditional entropy model canbe a joint entropy model including a plurality of neural networksconfigured to estimate a joint distribution of the first image code andthe second image code. The conditional entropy model can model the jointdistribution probability of the first image code and the second imagecode, taking into account the dependence of the second image code on thefirst image code. By way of example, the conditional entropy model candetermine a probability of the first image code given a hyperpriorderived for the first image code. Additionally or alternatively, theconditional entropy model can determine the probability of the secondimage code given the first image code and a hyperprior derived for thesecond image code.

In some examples, the machine-learned image compression model caninclude an end-to-end deep architecture where implicit depth estimationand compression are performed jointly. The model can be trainedend-to-end using an objective function including a component associatedwith reconstruction quality of the images and a component associatedwith the bitrate predicted by the conditional entropy model.

A machine learned image compression system in accordance with exampleembodiments of the present disclosure can be trained end-to-end tominimize an objective function. The objective function can include afirst term or component that encodes the reconstruction quality ofmultiple images. For example, the first term can represent a distortionassociated with a first image and a distortion associated with a secondimage. The objective function can include a second term or componentthat includes the rate predicted by the entropy model. For example, thesecond term can represent a predicted bit rate for the first image codeand a predicted bit rate for the second image code. A target bit ratefor a given model can be enforced using a modified rate function. Themodified rate function can include a desired target entropy calculatedfrom the target bit rate.

In some examples, the systems and methods of the present disclosure caninclude an autonomous vehicle or other system that includes or otherwiseleverages a machine-learned image compression model. An autonomousvehicle (e.g., ground-based vehicle, aircraft, etc.) can include varioussystems and devices configured to control the operation of the vehicle.For example, an autonomous vehicle can include an onboard vehiclecomputing system (e.g., located on or within the autonomous vehicle)that is configured to operate the autonomous vehicle. The vehiclecomputing system can obtain sensor data from sensor(s) onboard thevehicle (e.g., cameras, LIDAR, RADAR, GPS, etc.), access map dataassociated with an environment external to the autonomous vehicle andgenerate an appropriate motion plan through the vehicle's surroundingenvironment based on the sensor data and map data. To more accuratelyand efficiently generate a motion plan through the autonomous vehicle'ssurrounding environment, an autonomy computing system can utilizecompressed sensor data such as compressed image data to represent theoutput of one or more sensors. In accordance with example embodiments,the image data from a first image sensor and the image data from asecond image sensor, such as from a stereo pair of image sensors, can bejointly compressed. In other example embodiments, the image data fromthree or more image sensor having at least partially overlapping fieldsof view can be jointly compressed. The vehicle computing system cangenerate compressed image data using one or more machine-learned imagecompression models. The image compression model(s) can encode a secondimage of the second image sensor using parametric skip functions topropagate information from a first image of the first image sensor toencoders and/or decoders for the second image. Moreover, the imagecompression model(s) can generate image codes for the images using aconditional entropy model to model the joint distribution of both imagecodes, taking into account the dependence of the second image on thefirst image.

Embodiments in accordance with the disclosed technology provide a numberof technical effects and benefits, particularly in the areas ofcomputing technology, autonomous vehicles, and the integration ofcomputing technology with autonomous vehicles. In particular, exampleimplementations of the disclosed technology provide improved techniquesfor generating compressed sensor data such as compressed image data forautonomous vehicles. For example, by utilizing one or moreimplementations of the disclosed technology, a computing system can moreaccurately and efficiently generate compressed image data from differentsensors by exploiting the dependence of one image on another image usingone or more machine learned models. In this manner, for instance, avehicle computing system can more accurately and efficiently generatemotion plans for an autonomous vehicle and thereby enable the autonomousvehicle to drive autonomously in complex scenarios that may includetraffic light handling, yielding, and interactions with multiple actorssuch as pedestrians and other vehicles.

By combining single image compression autoencoders with parametric skipfunctions, fully differentiable, disparity-warped features can beprovided at one or more levels of an encoder and/or decoder for thesecond image in example embodiments. Information can be propagated fromthe first image to the encoders and/or decoders for the second imageusing the parametric skip functions so that enhanced compression can beachieved relative to single image compression techniques alone.Moreover, by modeling the probabilistic dependence between image codesusing a conditional entropy model, a further reduction in the secondimage bit rate compared to deep single image compression techniques canbe achieved in example embodiments. By capturing the dependence of asecond image on a first image, the conditional entropy model can helpreduce the joint entropy between the image codes, and hence the jointbit rate of the two image codes.

In some examples, an end to end deep architecture for multiple imagecompression (e.g., stereo image compression) is provided. Thearchitecture can provide implicit depth estimation and compression thatare performed jointly in the machine learned image compression model. Inthis manner, the bit rate of a combined latent code can be lower thanthe sum of the bit rates if images are compressed separately. This canbe achieved using a single image compression model that jointlycompresses multiple images such as two stereo images. As muchinformation as possible can be extracted from a first image in order toreduce the bit rate in a second image, such that the total bit rate islower than the result of independent single image compression.Multilevel, parametric skip functions can be utilized to propagateinformation from a first image to encoders and/or decoders for a secondimage in order to reduce the bit rate of the second image. A conditionalentropy model can be utilized to model the correlation between imagecodes of the two images in order to further reduce the bit rate of theimage codes. The architecture can be trained end to end to minimize anobjective function including terms for encoding a reconstruction qualityof both images and providing a rate predicted by the entropy model.

Accordingly, a computing system according to an example aspect of thepresent disclosure can include one or more processors, and one or morenon-transitory computer-readable media that collectively store amachine-learned image compression model configured to generatecompressed image data in response to image data associated with at leasttwo image sensors having at least partially overlapping fields of view.The machine-learned image compression model can include a first encoderconfigured to generate a first image code based at least in part onfirst image data indicative of a first image associated with a firstimage sensor. The first encoder can include a first series ofconvolutional layers configured to generate a first series of respectivefeature maps based at least in part on the first image. The model caninclude a second encoder configured to generate a second image codebased at least in part on second image data indicative of a second imageassociated with a second image sensor. The second encoder can include asecond series of convolutional layers configured to generate a secondseries of respective feature maps based at least in part on the secondimage and disparity-warped feature data associated with the first image.The model can include a plurality of respective parametric skipfunctions associated with at least a subset of convolutional layers ofthe second series of convolutional layers and configured to generate thedisparity-warped feature data based at least in part on disparityassociated with the first series of respective feature maps and thesecond series of respective feature maps.

A computer-implemented method of digital image compression according toan example aspect of the present disclosure can include obtaining, by acomputing system comprising one or more computing devices, first imagedata indicative of a first image associated with a first image sensorand second image data indicative of a second image associated with asecond image sensor. The method can include encoding, by the computingsystem using a first series of convolutional layers of a machine-learnedimage compression model, the first image data indicative of the firstimage into a first series of respective feature maps and a first imagecode. The method can include generating, by the computing system using aplurality of parametric skip functions of the machine-learned imagecompression model, disparity-warped featured data based at least in parton the first series of respective feature maps and a second series ofrespective feature maps. The method can include encoding, by thecomputing system using a second series of convolutional layers of amachine-learned image compression model, the second image dataindicative of the second image into the second series of respectivefeature maps and a second image code based at least in part on thedisparity-warped feature data.

An autonomous vehicle according to an example aspect of the presentdisclosure can include a plurality of vehicle sensors including a firstimage sensor and a second image sensor, one or more processors, and oneor more tangible, non-transitory, computer readable media thatcollectively store instructions that when executed by the one or moreprocessors cause the one or more processors to perform operations. Theoperations can include obtaining first image data indicative of a firstimage associated with the first image sensor and second image dataindicative of a second image associated with the second image sensor.The operations can include encoding, using a first series ofconvolutional layers of a machine-learned image compression model, thefirst image data indicative of the first image into a first series ofrespective feature maps and a first image code. The operations caninclude generating, using a plurality of skip functions of themachine-learned image compression model, disparity-warped featured databased at least in part on the first series of respective feature mapsand a second series of respective feature maps. The operations caninclude encoding, using a second series of convolutional layers of themachine-learned image compression model, the second image dataindicative of the second image into the second series of respectivefeature maps and a second image code based at least in part on thedisparity-warped feature data.

With reference now to the figures, example embodiments of the presentdisclosure will be discussed in further detail.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example vehicle computing system 110 according toexample embodiments of the present disclosure. The vehicle computingsystem 110 can be associated with a vehicle 102. The vehicle computingsystem 110 can be located onboard (e.g., included on and/or within) thevehicle 102.

The vehicle 102 incorporating the vehicle computing system 110 can bevarious types of vehicles. In some implementations, the vehicle 102 canbe an autonomous vehicle. For instance, the vehicle 102 can be aground-based autonomous vehicle such as an autonomous car, autonomoustruck, autonomous bus, etc. The vehicle 102 can be an air-basedautonomous vehicle (e.g., airplane, helicopter, bike, scooter, or otheraircraft) or other types of vehicles (e.g., watercraft, etc.). Thevehicle 102 can drive, navigate, operate, etc. with minimal and/or nointeraction from a human operator 106 (e.g., driver). An operator 106(also referred to as a vehicle operator) can be included in the vehicle102 and/or remote from the vehicle 102. Moreover, in someimplementations, the vehicle 102 can be a non-autonomous vehicle. Theoperator 106 can be associated with the vehicle 102 to take manualcontrol of the vehicle, if necessary. For instance, in a testingscenario, a vehicle 102 can be periodically tested with controlledfaults that can be injected into an autonomous vehicle's autonomy system130. This can help the vehicle's response to certain scenarios. Avehicle operator 106 can be located within the vehicle 102 and/or remotefrom the vehicle 102 to take control of the vehicle 102 (e.g., in theevent the fault results in the vehicle exiting from a fully autonomousmode in the testing environment).

The vehicle 102 can be configured to operate in a plurality of operatingmodes. For example, the vehicle 102 can be configured to operate in afully autonomous (e.g., self-driving) operating mode in which thevehicle 102 is controllable without user input (e.g., can drive andnavigate with no input from a vehicle operator present in the vehicle102 and/or remote from the vehicle 102). The vehicle 102 can operate ina semi-autonomous operating mode in which the vehicle 105 can operatewith some input from a vehicle operator present in the vehicle 102(and/or a human operator that is remote from the vehicle 102). Thevehicle 102 can enter into a manual operating mode in which the vehicle102 is fully controllable by a vehicle operator 106 (e.g., human driver,pilot, etc.) and can be prohibited and/or disabled (e.g., temporary,permanently, etc.) from performing autonomous navigation (e.g.,autonomous driving). In some implementations, the vehicle 102 canimplement vehicle operating assistance technology (e.g., collisionmitigation system, power assist steering, etc.) while in the manualoperating mode to help assist the vehicle operator 106 of the vehicle102. For example, a collision mitigation system can utilize informationconcerning vehicle trajectories within the vehicle's surroundingenvironment to help an operator avoid collisions even when in manualmode.

The operating modes of the vehicle 102 can be stored in a memory onboardthe vehicle 102. For example, the operating modes can be defined by anoperating mode data structure (e.g., rule, list, table, etc.) thatindicates one or more operating parameters for the vehicle 102, while inthe particular operating mode. For example, an operating mode datastructure can indicate that the vehicle 102 is to autonomously plan itsmotion when in the fully autonomous operating mode. The vehiclecomputing system 110 can access the memory when implementing anoperating mode.

The operating mode of the vehicle 102 can be adjusted in a variety ofmanners. For example, the operating mode of the vehicle 102 can beselected remotely, off-board the vehicle 105. For example, a remotecomputing system (e.g., of a vehicle provider and/or service entityassociated with the vehicle 102) can communicate data to the vehicle 102instructing the vehicle 102 to enter into, exit from, maintain, etc. anoperating mode. For example, in some implementations, the remotecomputing system can be an operations computing system 180, as disclosedherein. By way of example, such data communicated to a vehicle 102 bythe operations computing system 180 can instruct the vehicle 102 toenter into the fully autonomous operating mode. In some implementations,the operating mode of the vehicle 102 can be set onboard and/or near thevehicle 102. For example, the vehicle computing system 100 canautomatically determine when and where the vehicle 102 is to enter,change, maintain, etc. a particular operating mode (e.g., without userinput). Additionally, or alternatively, the operating mode of thevehicle 102 can be manually selected via one or more interfaces locatedonboard the vehicle 105 (e.g., key switch, button, etc.) and/orassociated with a computing device proximate to the vehicle 105 (e.g., atablet operated by authorized personnel located near the vehicle 102).In some implementations, the operating mode of the vehicle 102 can beadjusted by manipulating a series of interfaces in a particular order tocause the vehicle 102 to enter into a particular operating mode.

The vehicle computing system 110 can include one or more computingdevices located onboard the vehicle 102. For example, the computingdevice(s) can be located on and/or within the vehicle 102. The computingdevice(s) can include various components for performing variousoperations and functions. For instance, the computing device(s) caninclude one or more processors and one or more tangible, non-transitory,computer readable media (e.g., memory devices, etc.). The one or moretangible, non-transitory, computer readable media can store instructionsthat when executed by the one or more processors cause the vehicle 102(e.g., its computing system, one or more processors, etc.) to performoperations and functions, such as those described herein for identifyingtravel way features.

The vehicle 102 can include a communications system 112 configured toallow the vehicle computing system 110 (and its computing device(s)) tocommunicate with other computing devices. The vehicle computing system110 can use the communications system 112 to communicate with one ormore computing device(s) that are remote from the vehicle 102 over oneor more networks (e.g., via one or more wireless signal connections).For example, the communications system 112 can allow the vehiclecomputing system 110 to communicate with an operations computing system180. By way of example, the operations computing system 180 can includeone or more remote servers communicatively linked to the vehiclecomputing system 110. In some implementations, the communications system112 can allow communication among one or more of the system(s) onboardthe vehicle 102. The communications system 112 can include any suitablecomponents for interfacing with one or more network(s), including, forexample, transmitters, receivers, ports, controllers, antennas, and/orother suitable components that can help facilitate communication.

As shown in FIG. 1, the vehicle 102 can include one or more vehiclesensor(s) 116, an autonomy computing system 130, one or more vehiclecontrol systems 120, one or more positioning systems 114, and othersystems, as described herein. One or more of these systems can beconfigured to communicate with one another via a communication channel.The communication channel can include one or more data buses (e.g.,controller area network (CAN)), onboard diagnostics connector (e.g.,OBD-II), and/or a combination of wired and/or wireless communicationlinks. The onboard systems can send and/or receive data, messages,signals, etc. amongst one another via the communication channel.

The vehicle sensor(s) 116 can be configured to acquire sensor data 118.This can include sensor data associated with the surrounding environmentof the vehicle 102. For instance, the sensor data 118 can includetwo-dimensional data depicting the surrounding environment of thevehicle 102. In addition, or alternatively, the sensor data 118 caninclude three-dimensional data associated with the surroundingenvironment of the vehicle 102. For example, the sensor(s) 116 can beconfigured to acquire image(s) and/or other two- or three-dimensionaldata within a field of view of one or more of the vehicle sensor(s) 116.The vehicle sensor(s) 116 can include a Light Detection and Ranging(LIDAR) system, a Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) system, one ormore cameras (e.g., visible spectrum cameras, infrared cameras, etc.),motion sensors, and/or other types of two-dimensional and/orthree-dimensional capturing devices. The sensor data 118 can includeimage data, radar data, LIDAR data, and/or other data acquired by thevehicle sensor(s) 116. For example, the vehicle sensor(s) 116 caninclude a front-facing RGB camera mounted on top of the vehicle 102 andthe sensor data 118 can include an RGB image depicting the surroundingenvironment of the vehicle 102. In addition, or alternatively, thevehicle sensor(s) 116 can include one or more LIDAR sensor(s) and thesensor data 118 can include one or more sparse sets of LIDARmeasurements. Moreover, the vehicle 102 can also include other sensorsconfigured to acquire data associated with the vehicle 102. For example,the vehicle 102 can include inertial measurement unit(s), wheel odometrydevices, and/or other sensors. In some implementations, the sensor data118 and/or map data 132 can be processed to select one or more targettrajectories for traversing within the surrounding environment of thevehicle 102.

In addition to the sensor data 118, the autonomy computing system 130can retrieve or otherwise obtain map data 132. The map data 132 canprovide static world representations about the surrounding environmentof the vehicle 102. For example, in some implementations, a vehicle 102can exploit prior knowledge about the static world by building verydetailed maps (HD maps) that represent not only the roads, buildings,bridges, and landmarks, but also traffic lanes, signs, and lights tocentimeter accurate three-dimensional representations. Moreparticularly, map data 132 can include information regarding: theidentity and location of different roadways, road segments, buildings,or other items or objects (e.g., lampposts, crosswalks, curbing, etc.);the location and directions of traffic lanes (e.g., the location anddirection of a parking lane, a turning lane, a bicycle lane, or otherlanes within a particular roadway or other travel way and/or one or moreboundary markings associated therewith); traffic control data (e.g., thelocation and instructions of signage, traffic lights, or other trafficcontrol devices); the location of obstructions (e.g., roadwork,accidents, etc.); data indicative of events (e.g., scheduled concerts,parades, etc.); and/or any other data that provides information thatassists the vehicle 102 in comprehending and perceiving its surroundingenvironment and its relationship thereto.

The vehicle 102 can include a positioning system 114. The positioningsystem 114 can determine a current position of the vehicle 102. Thepositioning system 114 can be any device or circuitry for analyzing theposition of the vehicle 102. For example, the positioning system 114 candetermine a position by using one or more of inertial sensors (e.g.,inertial measurement unit(s), etc.), a satellite positioning system,based on IP address, by using triangulation and/or proximity to networkaccess points or other network components (e.g., cellular towers, WiFiaccess points, etc.) and/or other suitable techniques. The position ofthe vehicle 102 can be used by various systems of the vehicle computingsystem 110 and/or provided to a remote computing system. For example,the map data 132 can provide the vehicle 102 relative positions of theelements of a surrounding environment of the vehicle 102. The vehicle102 can identify its position within the surrounding environment (e.g.,across six axes, etc.) based at least in part on the map data 132. Forexample, the vehicle computing system 110 can process the sensor data118 (e.g., LIDAR data, camera data, etc.) to match it to a map of thesurrounding environment to get an understanding of the vehicle'sposition within that environment.

The autonomy computing system 130 can include a perception system 140, aprediction system 150, a motion planning system 160, and/or othersystems that cooperate to perceive the surrounding environment of thevehicle 102 and determine a motion plan for controlling the motion ofthe vehicle 102 accordingly.

For example, the autonomy computing system 130 can obtain the sensordata 118 from the vehicle sensor(s) 116, process the sensor data 118(and/or other data) to perceive its surrounding environment, predict themotion of objects within the surrounding environment, and generate anappropriate motion plan through such surrounding environment. Theautonomy computing system 130 can communicate with the one or morevehicle control systems 120 to operate the vehicle 102 according to themotion plan.

The vehicle computing system 100 (e.g., the autonomy computing system130) can identify one or more objects that are proximate to the vehicle102 based at least in part on the sensor data 118 and/or the map data132. For example, the vehicle computing system 110 (e.g., the perceptionsystem 140) can process the sensor data 118, the map data 132, etc. toobtain perception data 142. The vehicle computing system 110 cangenerate perception data 142 that is indicative of one or more states(e.g., current and/or past state(s)) of a plurality of objects that arewithin a surrounding environment of the vehicle 102. For example, theperception data 142 for each object can describe (e.g., for a giventime, time period) an estimate of the object's: current and/or pastlocation (also referred to as position); current and/or pastspeed/velocity; current and/or past acceleration; current and/or pastheading; current and/or past orientation; size/footprint (e.g., asrepresented by a bounding shape); class (e.g., pedestrian class vs.vehicle class vs. bicycle class); the uncertainties associatedtherewith, and/or other state information. The perception system 140 canprovide the perception data 142 to the prediction system 150, the motionplanning system 160, and/or other system(s).

The prediction system 150 can be configured to predict a motion of theobject(s) within the surrounding environment of the vehicle 102. Forinstance, the prediction system 150 can generate prediction data 152associated with such object(s). The prediction data 152 can beindicative of one or more predicted future locations of each respectiveobject. For example, the prediction system 150 can determine a predictedmotion trajectory along which a respective object is predicted to travelover time. A predicted motion trajectory can be indicative of a paththat the object is predicted to traverse and an associated timing withwhich the object is predicted to travel along the path. The predictedpath can include and/or be made up of a plurality of way points. In someimplementations, the prediction data 152 can be indicative of the speedand/or acceleration at which the respective object is predicted totravel along its associated predicted motion trajectory. The predictionsystem 150 can output the prediction data 152 (e.g., indicative of oneor more of the predicted motion trajectories) to the motion planningsystem 160.

The vehicle computing system 110 (e.g., the motion planning system 160)can determine a motion plan 162 for the vehicle 102 based at least inpart on the perception data 142, the prediction data 152, and/or otherdata.

A motion plan 162 can include vehicle actions (e.g., planned vehicletrajectories, speed(s), acceleration(s), other actions, etc.) withrespect to one or more of the objects within the surrounding environmentof the vehicle 102 as well as the objects' predicted movements. Forinstance, the motion planning system 160 can implement an optimizationalgorithm, model, etc. that considers cost data associated with avehicle action as well as other objective functions (e.g., costfunctions based on speed limits, traffic lights, etc.), if any, todetermine optimized variables that make up the motion plan 162. Themotion planning system 160 can determine that the vehicle 102 canperform a certain action (e.g., pass an object, etc.) without increasingthe potential risk to the vehicle 102 and/or violating any traffic laws(e.g., speed limits, lane boundaries, signage, etc.). For instance, themotion planning system 160 can evaluate one or more of the predictedmotion trajectories of one or more objects during its cost data analysisas it determines an optimized vehicle trajectory through the surroundingenvironment. The motion planning system 160 can generate cost dataassociated with such trajectories. In some implementations, one or moreof the predicted motion trajectories may not ultimately change themotion of the vehicle 102 (e.g., due to an overriding factor). In someimplementations, the motion plan 162 may define the vehicle's motionsuch that the vehicle 102 avoids the object(s), reduces speed to givemore leeway to one or more of the object(s), proceeds cautiously,performs a stopping action, etc.

The motion planning system 160 can be configured to continuously updatethe vehicle's motion plan 162 and a corresponding planned vehicle motiontrajectory. For example, in some implementations, the motion planningsystem 160 can generate new motion plan(s) for the vehicle 102 (e.g.,multiple times per second). Each new motion plan can describe a motionof the vehicle 102 over the next planning period (e.g., next severalseconds). Moreover, a new motion plan may include a new planned vehiclemotion trajectory. Thus, in some implementations, the motion planningsystem 160 can continuously operate to revise or otherwise generate ashort-term motion plan based on the currently available data. Once theoptimization planner has identified the optimal motion plan (or someother iterative break occurs), the optimal motion plan (and the plannedmotion trajectory) can be selected and executed by the vehicle 102.

The vehicle computing system 110 can cause the vehicle 102 to initiate amotion control in accordance with at least a portion of the motion plan162. A motion control can be an operation, action, etc. that isassociated with controlling the motion of the vehicle. For instance, themotion plan 162 can be provided to the vehicle control system(s) 120 ofthe vehicle 102. The vehicle control system(s) 120 can be associatedwith a vehicle controller (e.g., including a vehicle interface) that isconfigured to implement the motion plan 162. The vehicle controller can,for example, translate the motion plan into instructions for theappropriate vehicle control component (e.g., acceleration control, brakecontrol, steering control, etc.). By way of example, the vehiclecontroller can translate a determined motion plan 162 into instructionsto adjust the steering of the vehicle 102 “X” degrees, apply a certainmagnitude of braking force, etc. The vehicle controller (e.g., thevehicle interface) can help facilitate the responsible vehicle control(e.g., braking control system, steering control system, accelerationcontrol system, etc.) to execute the instructions and implement themotion plan 162 (e.g., by sending control signal(s), making thetranslated plan available, etc.). This can allow the vehicle 102 toautonomously travel within the vehicle's surrounding environment.

As shown in FIG. 1, the vehicle computing system 110 can include animage compression system 164 that is configured to generate compressedimage data 166 and/or assist in generating compressed image data 166.Image compression system 164 can compress multiple images using one ormachine-learned models including skip functions that are trained topropagate information between images. For example, the machine learnedmodel(s) can extract information from one image in order to reduce thebitrate of another image when generating compressed image data for bothimages such that the overall bitrate for the images is reduced. Themachine-learned image compression model can utilize parametric skipfunctions to enhance the compression of a second image based ondisparity-warped features generated from a first image, such as a pairof stereo images that have at least partially overlapping fields ofview. The model can utilize single image compression autoencoders thatare enhanced with the parametric skip functions to feed fullydifferentiable, disparity-warped features at multiple levels to encodersand/or decoders for the second image. By passing multi-level informationfrom the encoders and/or decoders for the first image, fewer bits can bestored for the second image. Additionally, in some examples, aprobabilistic dependence between images codes for a first image and asecond image can be modeled using a conditional entropy model. Theconditional entropy model can capture a correlation between the twoimages to help reduce the joint entropy of the two image codes. In thismanner, the joint bitrate of the two image codes can be reduced. Byutilizing parametric skip functions and a conditional entropy model,image compression system 164 can reduce the bitrates of images toprovide an efficient use of storage space. For example, imagecompression system 164 can be used by autonomous vehicle 102 toefficiently store image data associated with a stereo pair of imagesensors used as part of vehicle computing system 110 of the vehicle.

Although many examples are described herein with respect to autonomousvehicles, the disclosed technology is not limited to autonomousvehicles. In fact, any object capable of collecting sensor data and mapdata can utilize the technology described herein for generating a targettrajectory. For example, a non-autonomous vehicle may utilize aspects ofthe present disclosure to generate a target trajectory for an operatorof the non-autonomous vehicle, notify the vehicle operator of the targettrajectory, and take precautionary measures based on the identifiedtarget trajectory. Likewise, a smart phone with one or more cameras, arobot, augmented reality system, and/or another type of system canutilize aspects of the present disclosure to generate targettrajectories.

FIG. 2 depicts an example computing environment including amachine-learned image compression system 200 according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure. Image compression system 200includes a machine-learned image compression model 210 that isconfigured to jointly compress two or more inputs such as a first image202 and a second image 204 having at least partially overlapping fieldsof view. Although two images are shown by way of example, model 210 mayinclude additional encoders/decoders to provide image compression forthree or more images having at least partially overlapping fields ofview. Image compression model 210 can extract information from image 202in order to reduce the bitrate in the second image 204, such that thetotal bitrate for the pair is lower than the result of single-imagecompression. A two-stream deep encoder-decoder network is provided.Image 202 is passed to an encoder 212 where it is propagated through oneor more encoding layers 214. An output of encoder 212 is provided to aquantizer 216 to generate a discretized image code 218 such as a latentcode. The image code 218 is provided as an input to a set of parametricskip functions 228 for encoding and decoding.

The set of one or more parametric skip function(s) 228 can be providedin order to propagate information from feature maps 224 generated by theencoder 212 from the first image 202. In some examples, a parametricskip function can be provided for each encoding layer 214 except for afirst encoding layer of encoder 212. The propagated information from thefeature maps 224 is provided to encoder 242.

Image 204 is passed to encoder 242 where it is propagated through one ormore encoding layers 244 using the information provided by theparametric skip functions 228. An output of encoder 242 is provided to aquantizer 246 to generate a discretized image code 248 such as a latentcode. By utilizing parametric skip functions, a reduced number of bitscan be stored for the second image code 248. A conditional entropy modelcan be used to model the correlation between the two image codes of thetwo images to reduce the joint entropy, and hence the joint bitrate, ofthe two image codes.

The images can be decoded by passing image code 218 to decoder 220 whichreconstructs the image from the latent image code as an output or outputimage 206. Image code 248 is passed to decoder 250 which reconstructsthe image from the latent image code as an output or output image 208. Aset of or more parametric skip function(s) 228 can be provided in orderto propagate information from the feature maps 226 generated by thedecoder 220 from the first image 202. In some examples, a parametricskip function can be provided for each decoding layer 222 except for afirst decoding layer of decoder 220.

FIG. 3 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method 300 forencoding image data using a machine-learned image compression systemaccording to example embodiments of the present disclosure. One or moreportions of method 300 (and the other methods described herein such asmethod 350 of FIG. 4, method 550 of FIG. 8, and/or method 700 of FIG.11) can be implemented by one or more computing devices such as, forexample, one or more computing devices of vehicle computing system 100of FIG. 1 or computing system 1000 of FIG. 15. One or more portions ofmethod 300 can be implemented as an algorithm on the hardware componentsof the devices described herein (e.g., as in FIGS. 1, 14, and/or 15) to,for example, generate compressed image data. In example embodiments,method 300 may be performed by an image compression system 164implemented using one or more computing devices of a vehicle computingsystem (e.g., 200).

At 302, method 300 can include obtaining image data indicative of afirst image associated with a first image sensor and a second imageassociated with a second image sensor. It is noted that whileembodiments are described with respect to image sensors and image datathe disclosed techniques may be equally applicable to other types ofsensor data such as radar data, lidar data, etc. Additionally, althoughan example is provided with respect to two images and two imagessensors, other examples may include additional images from additionalimage sensors.

At 304, method 300 can include inputting the image data indicative ofthe first image into a first encoder of a machine learned imagecompression model. At 306, method 300 can include inputting image dataindicative of the second image into a second encoder of the machinelearned image compression model.

At 308, method 300 can include generating a first set of feature mapsusing convolutional layers of the first encoder. The first encoder caninclude a first series of convolutional layers configured to generate afirst series of respective feature maps based at least in part on thefirst image.

At 310, method 300 can include generating a first image code based onthe first set of feature maps generated by the first encoder. The firstencoder can be configured to generate the first image code based atleast in part on first image data indicative of a first image associatedwith a first image sensor.

At 312, method 300 can include generating disparity warped feature datafrom the first set of feature maps. In example embodiments, thedisparity warped feature data may be generated by one or more parametricskip functions. For example, a plurality of respective parametric skipfunctions can be associated with at least a subset of convolutionallayers of the second series of convolutional layers. The parametric skipfunctions can generate the disparity-warped feature data based at leastin part on disparity associated with the first series of respectivefeature maps and a second series of respective feature maps in exampleembodiments.

At 314, method 300 can include generating a second set of feature mapsusing convolutional layers of the second encoder. The second encoder caninclude a second series of convolutional layers configured to generate asecond series of respective feature maps based at least in part on thesecond image and disparity-warped feature data associated with the firstimage.

At 316, method 300 can include generating a second image code based onthe second set of feature maps generated by the second encoder. Thesecond encoder can be configured to generate a second image code basedat least in part on second image data indicative of a second imageassociated with a second image sensor

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method 350 fordecoding image data using a machine-learned image compression systemaccording to example embodiments of the present disclosure.

At 352, method 350 can include inputting a first image code into a firstdecoder of a machine learned image compression model.

At 354, method 350 can include generating a third set of feature mapsusing convolutional layers of the first decoder. The first decoder caninclude a third series of convolutional layers configured to generate athird series of respective feature maps based at least in part on thefirst image code.

At 356, method 350 can include reconstructing a first image from thethird set of feature maps. The first decoder can be configured togenerate first reconstructed image data including a reconstruction ofthe first image based at least in part on the first image code.

At 358, method 350 can include inputting a second image code into asecond decoder of the machine learned image compression model. At 360,method 350 can include generating disparity warped feature data from aset of feature maps generated by the second decoder. The second decodercan include a fourth series of convolutional layers configured togenerate a fourth series of respective feature maps based at least inpart on the second image code and the disparity-warped feature dataassociated with the first image.

At 362, method 350 can include reconstructing the second image using thefourth set of feature maps. The second decoder can be configured togenerate second reconstructed image data including a reconstruction ofthe second image based at least in part on the second image code.Additional images can be reconstructed using similar techniques.

FIG. 5 depicts an example computing environment including a computerarchitecture of a machine-learned image compression model 400 accordingto example embodiments of the present disclosure. Machine-learnedcompression model 400 is an example of a machine-learned compressionmodel 210 depicted in FIG. 2.

Machine-learned image compression model 400 includes a first encoder 412configured to encode a first image 402 into an image code 418 such as afirst latent image code in a latent space and a second encoder 442configured to encode a second image 404 into a second image code 448such as a second latent image code in the latent space. The firstencoder 412 can include a series of convolutional layers 414 where eachlayer generates a respective feature map based on the first image 402.In some examples, encoder 412 is implemented with a series of or downsampling convolutions (by 2×) and Generalized Divisive Normalization(GDN) layers. In example embodiments, encoder 412 can generate afloating-point output from before downsampling convolutional and GDNlayers. Quantizer 416 can apply a rounding function to thefloating-point output of the encoder to output image code 418 as adiscrete code representation.

The second encoder 442 can include a second series of convolutionallayers 444 where each layer generates a respective feature map based onthe second image 404 and disparity-warped feature data associated withthe first image 402 and the second image 404. The disparity-warpedfeature data can be generated by a set of parametric skip functions 428for at least a subset of the convolutional layers of the second encoder442. In some examples, encoder 442 can be implemented with a series offour down sampling convolutions (by 2×) and GDN layers. Encoder 442 cangenerate a floating-point output from the four down samplingconvolutional and GDN layers. Quantizer 416 can apply a roundingfunction to the floating-point output of the encoder to output imagecode 418 as a discrete code representation.

A set of parametric skip functions 428 is provided for the secondencoder 442. The set of parametric skip functions 428 can include arespective parametric skip function for each convolutional layer of asubset of the convolutional layers for the second encoder. In thisexample, the subset can include each convolutional layer except thefirst convolutional layer of the series of convolutional layers of thesecond encoder 442. Each parametric skip function can propagate imageinformation from the first encoder to the second encoder. The parametricskip functions can exploit the correlation between the feature maps ofthe two images at one or more levels of the encoder. By estimating thedisparity between each pair of feature maps for a given level, the imagecompression model can warp features from the first feature mapassociated with the first image to the second feature map associatedwith the second image. By warping features, the pixel-level alignmentbetween the two feature maps can be improved which can enable the modelto accurately pass information from the first feature map to thecorresponding spatial positions of the second feature map.

Machine-learned image compression model 400 includes a first decoder 420configured to provide an output including a reconstruction 406 of thefirst image 402 from the first image code 418 and a second decoder 450configured to provide an output including a reconstruction 408 of thesecond image 404 using the second image code 448. Decoder 420 includes aseries of convolutional layers 422 where each layer generates arespective feature map based on the first image code 418. Decoder 450includes a second series of convolutional layers 452 where each layergenerates a respective feature map based on the second image code 448and disparity-warped feature data associated with the first image code418 and the second image code 448. The disparity-warped feature data canbe generated by a set of parametric skip functions 228 for at least asubset of the convolutional layers of the second decoder.

FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of an example parametric skip function428 of a machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure. Parametric skip function 428 isan example of a parametric skip function as shown in FIG. 5. Theparametric skip function 428 for a particular level of an encoder caninclude three inputs. In FIG. 6, the first input 460 is a first featuremap from the previous convolutional layer of the first encoder (e.g.,for image 1). The second input 462 is a second feature map from theprevious convolutional layer of the second encoder (e.g., for image 2).The third input is the first image code, provided by the Global ContextEncoding Unit 464 (from y₁). Similar parametric skip functions may beprovided for image compression of three or more images. The parametricskip function can generate disparity-warped feature data based at leastin part on disparity between the first image and the second image. Thedisparity-warped feature data can include disparity-warped featuresgenerated by warping features from the first feature map to the secondfeature map. By way of example, the disparity-warped features can begenerated and provided to all or a portion of the levels of the encoderfor the second image. Additionally or alternatively, thedisparity-warped feature data can include predicted features for thefeature map corresponding to the second image.

The parametric skip function for a particular level of the secondencoder/decoder can include a fully convolutional global contextencoding unit 464, a concatenation and convolution unit 466, a stereocost volume estimation unit 468, a feature volume unit 470, a featurewarping unit 472, and an aggregation function unit 474. The globalcontext encoding unit 464 can encode the image code of the first imageto a feature descriptor in order to capture global context informationof the first image contained in its latent code. The global contextfeature can be shared across all the different levels of the imagecompression system. The stereo cost volume estimation unit 468 of theskip function can estimate a cost volume from the inputs to theparametric skip function including the first feature map, the secondfeature map, and the global context. The dense feature warping unit 472can warp features from the first image to the second image. In someexamples, the feature warping unit can generate warped features whichbetter align with the feature map of the second image. The aggregationfunction unit 474 can be configured to predict the feature map of thesecond image which can be provided as the final output of the parametricskip function.

Similarly, the parametric skip function for a particular level of thesecond decoder can include three inputs. The first input can receive afirst feature map from the previous convolutional layer of the firstdecoder. The second input can receive a second feature map from theprevious convolutional layer of the second decoder. The third input canreceive the first image code. The parametric skip function can generatedisparity-warped feature data based at least in part on disparitybetween the first image and the second image. The disparity-warpedfeature data can include disparity-warped features generated by warpingfeatures from the first feature map to the second feature map. By way ofexample, the disparity-warped features can be generated and provided toall or a portion of the levels of the decoder for the second image.

FIG. 7 depicts an example of joint image compression and reconstructionusing a machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 7 depicts a visualization ofthe disparity volumes at each resolution level in the encoder/decoder,by taking the mode over the disparity dimension for each feature pixel.Tiling affects may be inherently due to unsupervised training on crops.

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method 550 forgenerated disparity-warped featured data by a parametric skip functionof a machine-learned image compression model according to exampleembodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 8 will be described withrespect to an of a pair of stereo images that are to be compressed.Intuitively, if the overlapping field of view between the stereo pair isvery high, then the bitrate of the combined latent code can be lowerthan the sum of the bitrates if the images are compressed separately. Apair of rectified stereo images can be denoted as x₁,x₂ and H(x₁,x₂) canbe the entropy of the stereo pair. Given the fact that the content ofthe two images is highly correlated, the mutual information can bedefined as set forth in Equation 1:I(x ₁ ,x ₂)=H(x ₁)+H(x ₂)−H(x ₁ ,x ₂)≥0.  Equation 1

With the observation set forth in Equation 1, an example approach caninclude a single compression model that jointly compresses the twostereo images of a pair.

Referring to FIG. 8, at 552, method 550 can include obtaining a firstimage code (e.g., 9 ₁). At 554, method 500 can include obtaining from afirst encoder the output of a previous convolutional layer of the firstencoder. In order to compute the feature map of the second image atlevel t, each skip function takes as input its previous layer's featureh₂ ^(t-1).

At 556, method 550 can include obtaining from a second encoder theoutput of a previous convolutional layer of the second encoder. In orderto compute the feature map of the second image at level t, each skipfunction additionally takes as input the previous layer feature h₁^(t-1) from the first image.

At 558, method 500 can include encoding the first image code into afirst feature descriptor using a global context component. Each skipfunction unit can include four parts. First, a fully convolutionalglobal context encoding component can encode the first image's latentcode to a feature descriptor di. This can capture global contextinformation of the first image, contained in its latent code. The globalcontext feature can be shared across all the different levels.

At 560, method 550 can include estimating a cost volume using featuremaps and the global context component. A stereo cost volume componentcan estimate a cost volume c^(t-1) from the input of the first featuremap, the second feature map, and the global context. The cost volumesize can be C×H^(t-1)×W^(t-1), where C is the maximum disparity andH^(t-1) and W^(t-1) are the height/width of h₁ ^(t-1). A softmax layercan be applied to ensure the cost is normalized along the disparitydimension per pixel. Each value in the cost volume can be seen as aprobability/confidence measure of the correct disparity at thatcoordinate.

At 562, method 550 can include warping features from the first image tothe second image using a warping component. The cost volume can be usedto densely warp the feature from the first image to the second.Particularly, for each pixel i, the new feature vector can be computedthrough a weighted sum of feature vectors across all the disparityvalues in the disparity range as set forth in Equation 2:

$\begin{matrix}{g_{2,i}^{t - 1} = {\sum\limits_{d = 0}^{C}{c_{d,i} \cdot {h_{1,{({i,d})}}^{t - 1}.}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 2, c_(d,i) represents the cost of disparity d at pixel i.The pixel index that is d pixels to the right of pixel i is representedby (i, d). The volumetric warping provides a warped feature map g₂^(t-1) which better aligns with the feature map of the second image.This can also be seen as an attention mechanism for each pixel i intothe first image's feature map within a disparity range. Compared toregressing a single disparity map and warping with bilinear sampling,this design allows more flexible connections between the target pixeland a range of pixels from the source image.

At 564, method 550 can include generating a predicted feature map forthe second image using an aggregation function. An aggregation functioncan be used to predict the feature map as the final output of theparametric skip function as set forth in Equation 3:h ₂ ^(t) =a(g ₂ ^(t-1) ,h ₂ ^(t-1)).  Equation 3

In Equation 3, g_(2,i) ^(t-1) represents the volumetric warped featurefrom the first image and h₂ ^(t-1) represents the previous layer'sfeature from the second image.

In accordance with example embodiments, the aggregation function h₂^(t)=a(g₂ ^(t-1),h₂ ^(t-1)) can be established on the basis that sinceg₂ ^(t-1) and h₂ ^(t-1) have the same spatial resolution, they can beconcatenated along the channel dimension. A downsampling/upsamplingconvolution can be applied as part of the second image'sencoder/decoder.

At 566, method 550 can include providing warped feature data includingwarped features, disparity warped feature map, and/or a predictedfeature map.

The entropy of the quantized code can be accurately modeled to navigatethe rate-distortion trade-off, as entropy can be a tight lower bound ofbitrate. There can exist a correlation between the latent codes of thetwo images, given the highly correlated image content. In order toexploit these relationships, a joint entropy model can be provided thatincludes neural networks to estimate the joint distribution of the code.In order to maintain differentiability while mimicking the effect ofrounding error during quantization, a noisy version of y can beconsidered as input: where.

The joint distribution p(y ₁,y ₂;θ) can be modeled, taking into accountthe dependence of y ₂ on y ₁. Side information can be included ashyperpriors, z ₁, z ₂ whose purpose is to reduce the entropy of y ₁, y₂. Note that z ₁, z ₂ can be derived from y ₁, y ₂ respectively duringencoding and can also be counted in the bitstream. Thus, the jointprobability of y ₁, y ₂,z₁, z₂ can be factorized as set forth inEquation 4:p( y ₁ ,y ₂ ,z ₁ ,z ₂;θ)=p( y ₂ |y ₁ ,z ₂,θ _(y 2) )p( y ₁ |z ₁;θ _(z 1))p( z ₂;θ _(z 2) )p( z ₁;θ _(z 1) ).  Equation 4

In Equation 4, p(y ₁|z ₁;θ _(y 1) ) denotes the probability of the firstimage code and p(y ₂|y ₁,z ₂;θ _(y 2) ) denotes the probability of thesecond image code, which is conditioned on the first image. The full setof parameters for each univariate distribution are represented by θ_(y 2) ,θ _(y 1) ,θ _(z 2) ,θ _(z 1) . All models can be factorized intothe product of each individual code's distribution under the fullindependence and conditional independence assumptions set forth inEquations 5, 6, 7, and 8:

$\begin{matrix}{{{p( {{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{1};\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{1}}} )} = {\prod\limits_{i}{p_{1,i}( {{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{1,i};\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{1}}} )}}};} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5} \\{{{p( {{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2};\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2}}} )} = {\prod\limits_{i}{p_{2,i}( {{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2,i};\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2}}} )}}};} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 6} \\{{{p( { {\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1} \middle| {\overset{\sim}{z}}_{1} ;\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1}}} )} = {\prod\limits_{i}{p_{1,i}( { {\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1,i} \middle| {\overset{\sim}{z}}_{1} ;\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1}}} )}}};{and}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 7} \\{{p( { {\overset{\sim}{y}}_{2} \middle| {\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1} ,{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2};\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{y}}_{2}}}} )} = {\prod{{p_{2,i}( { {\overset{\sim}{y}}_{2,i} \middle| {\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1} ,{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2};\theta_{{\overset{\sim}{y}}_{2}}}} )}.}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 8}\end{matrix}$

In some instances, directly modeling a probability density function(PDF) with a deep parametric function may not be the best option forPDFs with discontinuous shapes, e.g., a uniform distribution between[−0.5, 0.5]. This can potentially restrict the power of an entropy modelin some instances. Accordingly, in some examples, probabilities can bemodeled as an area under the cumulative density function (CDF) asopposed to a point on the PDF. Hyperprior models p_(i)(z _(i);θ _(z) )can be designed as set forth in Equation 9:p _(i)( z _(i);θ _(z) )=(q _(i) *u)( z _(i)).  Equation 9

In Equation 9, u(τ)=1 if |τ|<0.5. Otherwise, u(τ)=0 and * is theconvolution between two functions. Accordingly, the relationships setforth in Equation 10 can be defined:

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{matrix}{{p_{i}( {{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{i};\theta_{\overset{\sim}{z}}} )} = {\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{q_{i}( {\tau;\theta_{\overset{\sim}{z}}} )}{u( {{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{i} - \tau} )}d\;\tau}}} \\{= {\int_{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{i} - 0.5}^{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{i} + 0.5}{{q_{i}( {\tau;\theta_{\overset{\sim}{z}}} )}d\;\tau}}} \\{= {{c_{i}( {{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{i} + 0.5};\theta_{z}} )} - {c_{i}( {{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{i} - 0.5};\theta_{\overset{\sim}{z}}} )}}}\end{matrix}.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 10}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 10, c_(i)(z _(i);θ _(z) ) can represent the cumulativedensity function (CDF) of some underlying PDF q. This intuitively meansthat p_(i)(z _(i);θ _(z) ) can be defined as an area under the CDFrather than directly as the PDF. A neural network can be used todirectly model c_(i)(z _(i);θ _(z) ). This approach can have bettercapacity to model steep edge PDFs, since even for a steep edged PDF, theCDF is still continuous.

A similar approach can be followed to model the conditional factorizedprobabilities for y ₁,y ₂. The model for y ₂ can first be highlighted asset forth in Equation 11:p _(2,i)( y _(2,i) |y ₁ ,z ₂ ;θy ₂)=(q _(2,i) *u)( y _(2,i)).  Equation11

Each individual pixel q_(2,i) PDF can be modeled as a Gaussian mixturemodel (GMM) as set forth in Equation 12:

$\begin{matrix}{ {{q_{2,i}( {{\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1},{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2}} )} = {\sum\limits_{k}{w_{ik}{\mathcal{N}( {\mu_{ik},\sigma_{ik}^{2}} )}}}} ).} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 12}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 12, w_(ik), μ_(ik), σ_(ik) ² are the distribution parametersdepending on y ₁, z ₂, and θ _(y 2) . The convolution can be rewrittenas the difference between CDFs as in Equation 10. The CDF of a GMM isgenerally computed numerically in most computational frameworks, whilethe derivative is analytical. Thus a function can be learned thatpredicts parameters w_(ik), μ_(ik), σ_(ik) ² given y ₁, z ₂ with θ_(y 2) as learnable parameters, instead of modeling the CDF valuedirectly as in the hyperprior entropy model. A mixture model canincrease performance slightly thanks to its stronger capacity comparedto a single Gaussian. Finally, the model for y ₁ follows the same GMMformulation; however given that y ₁ is decoded first, z ₁ can beprovided as input only, not y₂, as set forth in Equation 13:p _(1,i)( y _(1,i) |z ₁;θ _(y 1) )=(q _(1,i) *u)( y _(1,i)).  Equation13

In accordance with some example embodiments, a machine-learned imagecompression model can be trained end-to-end to minimize an objectivefunction as set forth in Equation 14:

$\begin{matrix}{{\ell + {\beta\; R}} = {{{\mathbb{E}}_{x_{1},{x_{2}\sim p_{x}}}\lbrack {\underset{\underset{{Distortion}\mspace{11mu}{({{Img}.\; 1})}}{︸}}{{{x_{1} - {\hat{x}}_{1}}}_{2}^{2}} + \underset{\underset{{Distortion}\mspace{11mu}{({{Img}.\; 2})}}{︸}}{{{x_{2} - {\hat{x}}_{2}}}_{2}^{2}}} \rbrack} + {\beta\;{{{\mathbb{E}}_{x_{1},{x_{2}\sim p_{x}}}\lbrack {\underset{\underset{{Rate}\mspace{14mu}{({{Code}\mspace{14mu} 1})}}{︸}}{{- \log_{2}}{p( {{\overset{\sim}{y}}_{1},{{\overset{\sim}{z}}_{1};\theta}} )}}\underset{\underset{{Rate}\mspace{14mu}{({{Code}\mspace{14mu} 2})}}{︸}}{{- \log_{2}}{p( {{\overset{\sim}{y}}_{2},{ {\overset{\sim}{z}}_{2} \middle| y_{1} ;\theta}} )}}} \rbrack}.}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 14}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 14, the first term encodes reconstruction quality of bothimages and the second term is the bitrate term with the rate predictedby the entropy model. A target bitrate can be enforced for a given modelby modifying the rate function as set forth in Equation 15:R=max(

_(x) ₁ _(,x) ₂ _(˜p) _(x) [−log₂ p( y ₁ ,y ₂ ,z ₂;θ)],H _(t)).  Equation15

In Equation 15, H_(t) represents the desired target entropy calculatedfrom the target bitrate.

An example implementation including an architecture of anencoder/decoder can include a number of channels for each intermediatelayer in both the encoder/decoder of each image that is set to N. Thenumber of channels of each of the two codes, y ₁, y ₂ can be set to M.For the lower bitrates (<0:7), N can be set as N=100 and M can be set asM=140. In some examples, setting a smaller bottleneck may notunacceptably affect model performance and may allow the models to trainmuch faster. For the higher bitrates (0:7) in some examples, N can beset to N=192 and M can be set as M=256.

A skip function architecture in accordance with example embodiments canimplement four components. A global context feature can be predictedfrom the code of image 1 (y ₁) in order to capture global informationfrom image 1. Then, at each level of the encoder/decoder, a stereo costvolume can be predicted from h₁ ^(t-1), h₂ ^(t-1)—the feature maps ofimage 1 and 2 from the previous layer—as well as the global contextfeature. The cost volume can be used to densely warp h₁ ^(t-1) fromimage 1 to image 2, and finally aggregate this warped feature with h₂^(t-1).

FIG. 9 depicts an example computing environment 600 including acomputing architecture of a global context component of a parametricskip function of a machine-learned image compression model according toexample embodiments of the present disclosure. Example computingenvironment 600 can be used for producing a global context volume froman image 1 (y ₁), with three sub-contexts. Each sub-context is passed tothe two corresponding skip functions at that resolution level, one inthe encoder and one of the decoder.

The global context unit can take as input the first image code y₁ withdimensions M×H/16×W/16, where M is the channel dimension and H,W are theheight/width of the original image. The global context component canpass y ₁ through four 2D convolutional layers 602. Each convolutionallayer 602 except the last can be followed by a GroupNorm layer 606 andReLU layer 608. In general, GroupNorm 606 can be used instead ofBatchNorm in example models due to small batch sizes.

The dimension of each intermediate feature is F·C, where C is a maximumdisparity and F is a multiplicative factor. The final global contextoutput after the convolutional layer 610 is (F·C)×H/16×W/16), which canbe reshaped by layer 612 into a 4D volume 614: F×C×H/16×W/16. Hence theglobal context can be seen as an initial cost volume (with an additionalfeature dimension), which can be provided as input to the skip functionsat each level of the encoder/decoder.

It may be noted that there are three levels of skip functions 616, 618,and 620 in both the encoder/decoder, predicting cost volumes ofdimensions C×H/2×W/2, C×H/4×W/4, and C×H/8×W/8 for the encoder and ofdimensions C×H/8×W/8, C×H/4×W/4, and C×H/2×W/2 for the decoder. Sincethe disparity dimension remains fixed regardless of spatial resolution,the lower resolution cost volumes effectively have a greater receptivefield than the higher resolution volumes. Ideally, the higher resolutionvolumes will have a big receptive field but this may be subject to GPUmemory limits. This may also imply that the disparity dimensions are notspatially aligned across different spatial resolutions nor with theglobal context (at the lowest spatial resolution H/16×W/16, so feedingthe global context as is to each level may not be optimal.

Accordingly, in some example, it may be ensured that F is divisible by3, and that the global context volume actually represents aconcatenation of three “sub” context volumes of dimensionsF₀×C×H/16×W/16, where F₀=F/3. Each sub-context volume can be mapped asan input to a skip function 616, 618, or 620 at a correspondingresolution level in both the encoder/decoder (so one sub-context volumeis mapped to the skip function in both the encoder and decoder atresolution H/8, W/8, etc.). This can allow each sub-context volume torepresent a lower resolution feature representation to help predict aspecific cost volume at a particular resolution level, as opposed tohelping predict all cost volumes across all resolution levels.

FIG. 10 depicts an example computing environment 630 including acomputer architecture of a cost volume component of a parametric skipfunction of a machine-learned image compression model according toexample embodiments of the present disclosure. Example computingenvironment 630 can be used for producing a cost volume from h₁ ^(t-1),h₂ ^(t-1), d^(r). The ⊕ symbol represents concatenating two tensorsalong the channel dimension.

If the input features to each skip function are at level t−1 withresolution r, the corresponding sub-context volume from the globalcontext as can be denoted as d^(r). The task of predicting the costvolume used for warping can take in d, as well as h₁ ^(t-1), h₂ ^(t-1)as input.

The model can concatenate (638) h₁ ^(t-1), h₂ ^(t-1) into a2N×H^(t-1)×W^(t-1) feature, and feed it through two 2d convolutions 640,643, each followed by GroupNorm 641, 644 (with four groups per module)and ReLU 642, 645 after each convolution. The output feature can havedimensions N×H^(t-1)×W^(t-1).

In another branch, the model can feed d^(r), the sub-context volume,through an upsampling 3d convolution 650 to match the spatial resolutionof h₁ ^(t-1), h₂ ^(t-1) (which is H^(t-1),W^(t-1)), followed by another3d convolution 653. Each 3d convolution also can be followed byGroupNorm 651, 654 (1 group per module) and ReLU 652, 655, and theintermediate feature channel dimensions can be C·F₀. The output featurecan have dimensions F₀×C×H^(t-1)×W^(t-1), and using layer 660 this canbe collapsed back into a 2d feature representation:(F₀·C)×H^(t-1)×W^(t-1). In example embodiments, the upsampling rate candepend on the resolution level of the skip function. For example, it canbe assumed that the feature spatial resolution is (H/4, W/4). Moreover,in example embodiments, only spatial dimensions are upsampled.

The outputs of both feature branches can be concatenated (662) and threemore 2d convolution layers 664, 667, 670 can be added, with intermediatefeature dimension N, each except the last followed by GroupNorm 665, 668(4 groups each) and ReLU 666, 669. The final cost volume 672 can havedimensions C×H^(t-1)×W^(t-1), with a softmax layer 671 applied over thedisparity dimension for every 0≤i,j≤H^(t-1),W^(t-1).

FIG. 11 depicts a flowchart illustrating an example method 700 formodeling probabilistic dependence between images using a conditionalentropy model of a machine-learned image compression model according toexample embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 11 is described withreference to FIG. 12 which depicts an example computing environment 800including a hyper-encoder 802 and entropy model 804 of a machine-learnedimage compression model according to example embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Example computing environment 800 details the hyper-encoder802 as well as the full entropy model 804 of y₁. The input (e.g., 702)to hyper-encoder 802 is y₁ (the continuous representation before beingfed to the quantizer), not y ₁ (the noisy representation of y₁ appliedas part of the quantizer during training). The hyper-encoder 802produces z₁, which is fed into the GMM entropy model 804.

Referring to FIG. 11, at 702, method 700 can include inputting anunquantized first image code to a hyperprior encoder. At 704, method 700can include deriving a hyperprior for the first image code.

According to some example aspects, the conditional entropy model caninclude a hyper-encoder 802 that derives the hyperprior variables, z ₁,z ₂ (820) from y₁, y₂ (804). It is noted that the unquantized continuousrepresentation y can be passed into the hyperencoder, not y, the noisyrepresentation produced by the quantizer during training. Each y can befed through 3 convolution layers 808, 812, 816, with ReLUs 810, 814following the first two and the last two layers 812, 816 beingdownampled. An absolute layer 806 can be used in example embodiments. Aquantizer 818 can be applied to produce output 820 including z.

At 706, method 700 can include inputting the un-quantized second imagecode to the hyperprior encoder. At 708, method 700 can include derivingthe hyper for the second image code.

At 710, method 700 can include inputting the hyper for the first imagecode into the conditional entropy model for the first image code. At712, method 700 can include predicting the probability of the firstimage code given the hyper for the first image code.

With reference to FIG. 12, the conditional entropy model can alsoinclude a hyperprior entropy model 830. The factorized entropy model forthe hyperprior can be designed in modeling c_(i)({circumflex over(z)}_(i); θ_(z)). In order to define a valid cumulative density, c_(i)(z_(i); θ_(z)) can map values between [0,1] and can be monotonicallyincreasing. The input z _(i) (832) and the output can be univariate(dimension=1).

In some examples, c_(i) can be set to be a two-step nonlinear functionas set forth in Equation 16:c _(i)( z _(i);θ _(z) )=f ₂ ∘f ₁  Equation 16

In Equation 16, f₁:

¹→

³ and f₂:

³→

¹. The nature of each f_(k) can be defined as set forth in Equation 17:f _(k)(x)=g _(k)(softplus(H ^(k))x+b ^(k))g ₁(x)=x+tan h(a ^(k))⊙ tan h(x)g ₂(x)=sigmoid(x)  Equation 17

In Equation 17, H^(k) are matrices, b^(k) and a^(k) are vectors, and ⊙is elementwise multiplication. This formulation satisfies the conditionsto be a valid CDF. This same factorized prior formulation can be usedfor modeling the main image codes in models without hyperpriors. For theIE models, the factorized prior model can be used for both image codes.For the CE0 models, this factorized prior model can be used for thefirst image code.

In accordance with some implementations, the conditional entropy modelcan include an image codes entropy model. The image codes entropy modelcan include a GMM-based conditional entropy model for the image codes.For y ₁ recall that probabilities can be defined as p_(1,i)(y _(1,i)|z₁;θ _(y 1) )=(q_(1,i)*u)(y _(1,i)), where q_(1,i)=Σ_(k) w_(ik)

(μ_(ik), σ_(ik) ²)). Predictions can be made of w, μ, and σ as functionsof z₁ given—θ _(y 1) : w(z ₁;θ _(y 1) ), μ(z ₁;θ _(y 1) ),σ(z ₁;θ _(y 1)), where w, μ, and σ represent the vectors of all the individual valuesw_(ik), μ_(ik), σ_(ik). In this example, σ and μ have the same spatialresolution as y ₁ with up to K times the number of channels, where K isthe number of mixtures ((M·K)×H/16×W/16). Moreover, to reduce the numberof parameters and help maintain spatial invariance, it can be assumedthat weights are fixed per channel, so weights have dimensions(M·K)×1×1(M K)11. A first branch for a can include convolutional layers834, 838, and 842, each followed by an ReLU layer 836, 840, 844. An ReLUlayer can be applied to the last layer of σ(z ₁; θ _(y 1) ) to keepstandard deviations positive. A second branch for μ can include threeconvolutional layers 846, 850, and 854. The first two convolutionallayers 846, 850 are followed by leaky ReLU layers 848, 852.

A third branch can be provided for weights w. The third branch includesthree convolution layers 856, 860, 866. The first layer 846 is followedby a LeakyReLU layer 858. The second layer 860 is followed by a poolinglayer 862 that can be applied after the second convolution layer 860 tocollapse the spatial dimension. A softmax per mixture can be applied tokeep weights normalized.

Returning to FIG. 11, at 714, method 700 can include inputting the hyperfor the second image code into the conditional entropy model for thesecond image code. At 716, method 700 can include predicting theprobability of the second image code given the first image code and thehyperprior for the second image code.

FIG. 13 depicts an example computing environment 880 including acomputer architecture of a portion of an entropy model of amachine-learned image compression model according to example embodimentsof the present disclosure. Example computing environment 880 is anexample architecture illustrating how a can be predicted for y ₂. Anotable difference is that y ₁ is concatenated with an upsampled z ₂ andthe convolutions are no longer upsampling. The changes to predict w, μcan be the same.

A similar process can be followed to model p_(2,i)(y _(1,i)|z ₂;y₁)=(q_(2,i)*u)(y _(2,i)). However, the network structure for predictingw, μ, and σ is slightly different because z ₂, y ₁ are not the samedimension. Instead, z ₂ can first be upsampled (883) to an intermediatevalue with the same dimensions of y ₁. Then this intermediate value canbe concatenated (884) with y ₁ across the channel dimension and passedthrough the convolutional layers 885, 887, 889. The convolutionsthemselves are no longer upsampling, since the input is at the samedesired spatial resolution as the output. ReLU layers 886, 888, 890 canbe applied after each convolutional layer 885, 887, 889. An output 891can be provided after the final convolutional layer 889 and ReLU layer890.

Various means can be configured to perform the methods and processesdescribed herein. FIG. 14 depicts an example of a computing environmentincluding example means for performing the methods and processesdescribed herein. FIG. 14 depicts an example image compression computingsystem 902 with units 904-914 for performing operations and functionsaccording to example embodiments of the present disclosure. For example,image compression computing system 900 can include one or more sensordata unit(s) 904, one or more encoding unit(s) 906, one or more decodingunit(s) 908, one or more worked feature data unit(s) 910, one or moreimage compression data unit(s) 912, one or more model training unit(s)914, and/or other means for performing the operations and functionsdescribed herein. In some implementations, one or more of the units904-914 may be implemented separately. In some implementations, one ormore of the units 904-914 may be a part of or included in one or moreother units. These means can include processor(s), microprocessor(s),graphics processing unit(s), logic circuit(s), dedicated circuit(s),application-specific integrated circuit(s), programmable array logic,field-programmable gate array(s), controller(s), microcontroller(s),and/or other suitable hardware. The means can also, or alternately,include software control means implemented with a processor or logiccircuitry for example. The means can include or otherwise be able toaccess memory such as, for example, one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media, such as random-access memory, read-onlymemory, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, erasableprogrammable read-only memory, flash/other memory device(s), dataregistrar(s), database(s), and/or other suitable hardware.

The means can be programmed to perform one or more algorithm(s) forcarrying out the operations and functions described herein. The methods(e.g., method 300, method 350, method 550, and method 700) and/or otheroperations described herein can be implemented as such algorithm(s).

The means can be configured to obtain sensor data such as image data(e.g. from one or more image sensors such as cameras, etc.), LIDAR pointcloud data associated with an environment external to an autonomousvehicle, RADAR data, etc. The means can be configured to obtain firstimage data indicative of a first image associated with a first imagesensor and second image data indicative of a second image associatedwith a second image sensor. In some examples, the image data can beassociated with at least two image sensors having at least partiallyoverlapping fields of view. A sensor data unit 904 is one example of ameans for obtaining sensor data such as image data as described herein.

The means can be configured to encode the first image data indicative ofthe first image into a first series of respective feature maps and afirst image code. The means can be configured to generate the firstimage code based at least in part on first image data indicative of afirst image associated with a first image sensor. The means can beconfigured to generate the first series of respective feature maps basedat least in part on the first image. The means can include a firstencoder configured to generate the first image code based at least inpart on the first image data. The first encoder can include a firstseries of convolutional layers configured to generate the first seriesof respective feature maps based at least in part on the first image. Anencoding unit 906 is one example of a means for encoding first imagedata indicative of the first image into a first series of respectivefeature maps and a first image code. An encoding unit 906 is one exampleof a means for generating a first image code based at least in part onfirst image data indicative of a first image associated with a firstimage sensor. An encoding unit 906 is one example of a means forgenerating a first series of respective feature maps based at least inpart on the first image.

The means can be configured to encode the second image data indicativeof the second image into a second series of respective feature map and asecond image code based at least on disparity warped feature data. Themeans can be configured to generate a second image code based at leastin part on second image data indicative of a second image associatedwith a second image sensor. The means can be configured to generate asecond series of respective feature maps based at least in part on thesecond image and disparity warped feature data associated with the firstimage. The means can include a second encoder configured to generate thesecond image code based at least in part on the second image data. Thesecond encoder can include a second series of convolutional layersconfigured to generate the second series of respective feature map basedat least in part on the second image in the disparity warped featuredata associated with the first image. An encoding unit 906 is oneexample of a means for generating a second image code based at least inpart on second image data indicative of a second image associated with asecond image sensor. An encoding unit 906 is one example of a means forgenerating a second series of respective feature map based at least inpart on the second image and disparity warped feature data associatedwith the first image.

The means can be configured to generate disparity warped feature dataassociated with the first image. The means can be configured to generatethe disparity warped feature data based at least in part on disparityassociated with the first series of respective feature map and thesecond series of respective feature maps. The means can include aplurality of respective parametric skip functions associated with atleast a subset of convolutional layers of the second series ofconvolutional layers of the second encoder. The plurality of respectiveparametric skip functions can be configured to generate the disparitywarped feature data. A warped feature data unit 910 is one example of ameans for generating disparity warped feature data.

The means can be configured to generate image compression data based atleast in part on a first image and a second image. The compressed imagedata can be generated in response to image data associated with at leasttwo image sensors having at least partially overlapping fields of view.An image compression data unit 912 is one example of a means forgenerating image compression data.

The means can be configured to train the machine learned imagecompression model end-to-end to minimize an objective function includinga first term that encodes the reconstruction quality of the first imageand the second image and a second term that is associated with a bitrate predicted by a conditional entropy model. The means can beconfigured to model a probabilistic dependence between the first imagecode and the second image code. The conditional entropy model caninclude one or more neural networks configured to model theprobabilistic dependence between the first image code and the secondimage code. The conditional entropy model can model a probability of thesecond image conditioned on the image data indicative of the first imagefrom the first image sensor. A model training unit 914 is one example ofa means for training the machine learned image compression model.

The means can be configured to generate first reconstructed image dataincluding a reconstruction of the first image based at least in part onthe first image code. The means can be configured to generate a thirdseries of respective feature maps based at least in part on the firstimage code. The means can include a first decoder configured to generatethe first reconstructed image data. The first decoder can include athird series of convolutional layers configured to generate the thirdseries of respective feature maps. A decoding unit 908 is one example ofa means for generating first reconstructed image data including areconstruction of the first image based at least in part on the firstimage code. A decoding unit 908 is one example of a means for generatinga third series of respective feature map based at least in part on thefirst image code.

The means can be configured to generate second reconstructed image dataincluding a reconstruction of the second image based at least in part onthe second image code. The means can be configured to generate a fourthseries of respective feature map based at least in part on the secondimage code and second disparity warped feature data associated with thefirst image. The means can include a second decoder configured togenerate the second reconstructed image data. The second decoder caninclude a fourth series of convolutional layers configured to generatethe fourth series of respective feature map. A decoding unit 908 is oneexample of a means for generating second reconstructed image dataincluding a reconstruction of the second image based at least in part onthe second image code. A decoding unit 908 is one example of a means forgenerating a fourth series of respective feature maps based at least inpart on the second image code and the second disparity warped featuredata associated with the first image.

The respective parametric skip function associated with eachconvolutional layer of the subset of convolutional layers of the secondseries of convolutional layers can be configured to generate arespective disparity-warped feature map based at least in part ondisparity between the respective feature map from a previousconvolutional layer of the second series of convolutional layers and therespective feature map from a previous convolutional layer of the firstseries of convolutional layers. The respective parametric skip functionassociated with each convolutional layer of the subset of convolutionallayers of the second series of convolutional layers can be configured togenerate the respective disparity-warped feature map based at least inpart on the first image code.

The means can be configured to encode the first image code to a featuredescriptor in order to capture global context information associatedwith the first image. The respective parametric skip function associatedwith each convolutional layer can include a fully convolutional globalcontext encoding component configured to encode the first image code tothe feature descriptor. A warped feature data unit 910 is one example ofa means for encoding the first image code to a feature descriptor.

The means can be configured to estimate a cost volume based at least inpart on the respective feature map from the first series of respectivefeature maps, the respective feature map from the second series ofrespective feature maps, and the global context information. Therespective parametric skip function associated with each convolutionallayer can include a stereo cost volume component configured to estimatethe cost volume. A warped feature data unit 910 is one example of ameans for estimating the cost volume.

The means can be configured to warp features associated with the firstimage to align with the second image based at least in part on the costvolume. The respective parametric skip function associated with eachconvolutional layer can include a feature warping component configuredto warped features associated with the first image to align with thesecond image based at least in part on the cost volume. A warped featuredata unit 910 is one example of a means for warping features associatedwith the first image to align with the second image.

The means can be configured to generate a respective predicted featuremap for the second image based at least in part on the disparity warpedfeature data associated with the first image and the respective featuremap from a previous convolutional layer of the second series ofconvolutional layers. The respective parametric skip function associatedwith at least a subset of convolutional layers can include anaggregation function configured to generate the respective predictedfeature map for the second image.

FIG. 15 depicts a block diagram of an example computing system 1000according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. The examplecomputing system 1000 includes a computing system 1002 and a machinelearning computing system 1030 that are communicatively coupled over anetwork 1080.

In some implementations, the computing system 1002 can perform variousoperations as part of motion planning for an autonomous vehicle. Forexample, computing system 1002 can receive sensor data map dataassociated with an environment external to an autonomous vehicle, andprocess the sensor data and the map data to generate a target trajectoryfor the autonomous vehicle, as part of autonomous vehicle operations. Insome implementations, the computing system 1002 can be included in anautonomous vehicle. For example, the computing system 1002 can beon-board the autonomous vehicle. In some embodiments, computing system1002 can be used to implement vehicle computing system 110. In otherimplementations, the computing system 1002 is not located on-board theautonomous vehicle. For example, the computing system 1002 can operateoffline to obtain sensor data and perform target trajectory generation.The computing system 1002 can include one or more distinct physicalcomputing devices.

The computing system 1002 includes one or more processors 1012 and amemory 1014. The one or more processors 1012 can be any suitableprocessing device (e.g., a processor core, a microprocessor, an ASIC, aFPGA, a controller, a microcontroller, etc.) and can be one processor ora plurality of processors that are operatively connected. The memory1014 can include one or more non-transitory computer-readable storagemedia, such as RAM, ROM, EEPROM, EPROM, one or more memory devices,flash memory devices, etc., and combinations thereof.

The memory 1014 can store information that can be accessed by the one ormore processors 1012. For instance, the memory 1014 (e.g., one or morenon-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, memory devices) canstore data 1016 that can be obtained, received, accessed, written,manipulated, created, and/or stored. The data 1016 can include, forinstance, map data, image or other sensor data captured by one or moresensors, machine-learned models, etc. as described herein. In someimplementations, the computing system 1002 can obtain data from one ormore memory device(s) that are remote from the computing system 1002.

The memory 1014 can also store computer-readable instructions 1018 thatcan be executed by the one or more processors 1012. The instructions1018 can be software written in any suitable programming language or canbe implemented in hardware. Additionally, or alternatively, theinstructions 1018 can be executed in logically and/or virtually separatethreads on processor(s) 1012.

For example, the memory 1014 can store instructions 1018 that whenexecuted by the one or more processors 1012 cause the one or moreprocessors 1012 to perform any of the operations and/or functionsdescribed herein, including, for example, generating motion plansincluding target trajectories for an autonomous vehicle, etc.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the computing system1002 can store or include one or more machine-learned models 1010. Asexamples, the machine-learned models 1010 can be or can otherwiseinclude various machine-learned models such as, for example, neuralnetworks (e.g., deep neural networks or other types of models includinglinear models and/or non-linear models. Example neural networks includefeed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks (e.g., longshort-term memory recurrent neural networks), convolutional neuralnetworks, or other forms of neural networks.

In some implementations, the computing system 1002 can receive the oneor more machine-learned models 1010 from the machine learning computingsystem 1030 over network 1080 and can store the one or moremachine-learned models 1010 in the memory 1014. The computing system1002 can then use or otherwise implement the one or more machine-learnedmodels 1010 (e.g., by processor(s) 1012). In particular, the computingsystem 1002 can implement the machine-learned model(s) 1010 to generateuncertainty data for object detections, predictions, and motion plangeneration based on sensor data.

The machine learning computing system 1030 includes one or moreprocessors 1032 and a memory 1034. The one or more processors 1032 canbe any suitable processing device (e.g., a processor core, amicroprocessor, an ASIC, a FPGA, a controller, a microcontroller, etc.)and can be one processor or a plurality of processors that areoperatively connected. The memory 1034 can include one or morenon-transitory computer-readable storage media, such as RAM, ROM,EEPROM, EPROM, one or more memory devices, flash memory devices, etc.,and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, machine learningcomputing system 1030 can be used to implement vehicle computing system110.

The memory 1034 can store information that can be accessed by the one ormore processors 1032. For instance, the memory 1034 (e.g., one or morenon-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, memory devices) canstore data 1036 that can be obtained, received, accessed, written,manipulated, created, and/or stored. The data 1036 can include, forinstance, machine-learned models, sensor data, and map data as describedherein. In some implementations, the machine learning computing system1030 can obtain data from one or more memory device(s) that are remotefrom the machine learning computing system 1030.

The memory 1034 can also store computer-readable instructions 1038 thatcan be executed by the one or more processors 1032. The instructions1038 can be software written in any suitable programming language or canbe implemented in hardware. Additionally, or alternatively, theinstructions 1038 can be executed in logically and/or virtually separatethreads on processor(s) 1032.

For example, the memory 1034 can store instructions 1038 that whenexecuted by the one or more processors 1032 cause the one or moreprocessors 1032 to perform any of the operations and/or functionsdescribed herein, including, for example, generating motion plansincluding target trajectories for an autonomous vehicle, and controllingan autonomous vehicle based on the target trajectories.

In some implementations, the machine learning computing system 1030includes one or more server computing devices. If the machine learningcomputing system 1030 includes multiple server computing devices, suchserver computing devices can operate according to various computingarchitectures, including, for example, sequential computingarchitectures, parallel computing architectures, or some combinationthereof.

In addition or alternatively to the machine-learned model(s) 1010 at thecomputing system 1002, the machine learning computing system 1030 caninclude one or more machine-learned models 1040. As examples, themachine-learned models 1040 can be or can otherwise include variousmachine-learned models such as, for example, neural networks (e.g., deepneural networks) or other types of models including linear models and/ornon-linear models. Example neural networks include feed-forward neuralnetworks, recurrent neural networks (e.g., long short-term memoryrecurrent neural networks), convolutional neural networks, or otherforms of neural networks.

As an example, the machine learning computing system 1030 cancommunicate with the computing system 1002 according to a client-serverrelationship. For example, the machine learning computing system 1030can implement the machine-learned models 1040 to provide a web serviceto the computing system 1002. For example, the web service can generatemotion plans including target trajectories in response to sensor dataand/or other data received from an autonomous vehicle.

Thus, machine-learned models 1010 can located and used at the computingsystem 1002 and/or machine-learned models 1040 can be located and usedat the machine learning computing system 1030.

In some implementations, the machine learning computing system 1030and/or the computing system 1002 can train the machine-learned models1010 and/or 1040 through use of a model trainer 1060. The model trainer1060 can train the machine-learned models 1010 and/or 1040 using one ormore training or learning algorithms. One example training technique isbackwards propagation of errors. In some implementations, the modeltrainer 1060 can perform supervised training techniques using a set oflabeled training data. In other implementations, the model trainer 1060can perform unsupervised training techniques using a set of unlabeledtraining data. The model trainer 1060 can perform a number ofgeneralization techniques to improve the generalization capability ofthe models being trained. Generalization techniques include weightdecays, dropouts, or other techniques.

In particular, the model trainer 1060 can train a machine-learned model1010 and/or 1040 based on a set of training data 1062. The training data1062 can include, for example, ground truth data including annotationsfor sensor data portions and/or vehicle state data. The model trainer1060 can be implemented in hardware, firmware, and/or softwarecontrolling one or more processors.

In some examples, the model trainer 1060 can train a machine-learnedmodel 1010 and/or 1040 configured to generate motion plans includingtarget trajectories as well as intermediate representations associatedwith one or more of an object detection or an object prediction. In someexamples, the machine-learned model 1010 and/or 1040 is trained usingsensor data that has been labeled or otherwise annotated as having acorrespondence to a detected object, a class of a detected object, etc.By way of example, sensor data collected in association with aparticular class of object can be labeled to indicate that itcorresponds to an object detection or the particular class. In someinstances, the label may be a simple annotation that the sensor datacorresponds to a positive training dataset.

The computing system 1002 can also include a network interface 1024 usedto communicate with one or more systems or devices, including systems ordevices that are remotely located from the computing system 1002. Thenetwork interface 1024 can include any circuits, components, software,etc. for communicating with one or more networks (e.g., 1080). In someimplementations, the network interface 1024 can include, for example,one or more of a communications controller, receiver, transceiver,transmitter, port, conductors, software and/or hardware forcommunicating data. Similarly, the machine learning computing system1030 can include a network interface 1064.

The network(s) 1080 can be any type of network or combination ofnetworks that allows for communication between devices. In someembodiments, the network(s) can include one or more of a local areanetwork, wide area network, the Internet, secure network, cellularnetwork, mesh network, peer-to-peer communication link and/or somecombination thereof and can include any number of wired or wirelesslinks. Communication over the network(s) 1080 can be accomplished, forinstance, via a network interface using any type of protocol, protectionscheme, encoding, format, packaging, etc.

FIG. 15 illustrates one example computing system 1000 that can be usedto implement the present disclosure. Other computing systems can be usedas well. For example, in some implementations, the computing system 1002can include the model trainer 1060 and the training data 1062. In suchimplementations, the machine-learned models 1010 can be both trained andused locally at the computing system 1002. As another example, in someimplementations, the computing system 1002 is not connected to othercomputing systems.

In addition, components illustrated and/or discussed as being includedin one of the computing systems 1002 or 1030 can instead be included inanother of the computing systems 1002 or 1030. Such configurations canbe implemented without deviating from the scope of the presentdisclosure. The use of computer-based systems allows for a great varietyof possible configurations, combinations, and divisions of tasks andfunctionality between and among components. Computer-implementedoperations can be performed on a single component or across multiplecomponents. Computer-implemented tasks and/or operations can beperformed sequentially or in parallel. Data and instructions can bestored in a single memory device or across multiple memory devices.

Computing tasks discussed herein as being performed at computingdevice(s) remote from the autonomous vehicle can instead be performed atthe autonomous vehicle (e.g., via the vehicle computing system), or viceversa. Such configurations can be implemented without deviating from thescope of the present disclosure. The use of computer-based systemsallows for a great variety of possible configurations, combinations, anddivisions of tasks and functionality between and among components.Computer-implemented operations can be performed on a single componentor across multiple components. Computer-implements tasks and/oroperations can be performed sequentially or in parallel. Data andinstructions can be stored in a single memory device or across multiplememory devices.

While the present subject matter has been described in detail withrespect to specific example embodiments thereof, it will be appreciatedthat those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of theforegoing may readily produce alterations to, variations of, andequivalents to such embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the presentdisclosure is by way of example rather than by way of limitation, andthe subject disclosure does not preclude inclusion of suchmodifications, variations and/or additions to the present subject matteras would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computing system, comprising: one or moreprocessors; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media thatcollectively store a machine-learned image compression model configuredto generate compressed image data in response to image data associatedwith at least two image sensors having at least partially overlappingfields of view, the machine-learned image compression model comprising:a first encoder configured to generate a first image code based at leastin part on first image data indicative of a first image associated witha first image sensor, wherein the first encoder includes a first seriesof convolutional layers configured to generate a first series ofrespective feature maps based at least in part on the first image; asecond encoder configured to generate a second image code based at leastin part on second image data indicative of a second image associatedwith a second image sensor, wherein the second encoder includes a secondseries of convolutional layers configured to generate a second series ofrespective feature maps based at least in part on the second image anddisparity-warped feature data associated with the first image; and aplurality of respective parametric skip functions associated with atleast a subset of convolutional layers of the second series ofconvolutional layers and configured to generate the disparity-warpedfeature data based at least in part on disparity associated with thefirst series of respective feature maps and the second series ofrespective feature maps.
 2. The computing system of claim 1, wherein therespective parametric skip function associated with each convolutionallayer of the subset of convolutional layers of the second series ofconvolutional layers is configured to generate a respectivedisparity-warped feature map based at least in part on disparity betweenthe respective feature map from a previous convolutional layer of thesecond series of convolutional layers and the respective feature mapfrom a previous convolutional layer of the first series of convolutionallayers.
 3. The computing system of claim 2, wherein the respectiveparametric skip function associated with each convolutional layer of thesubset of convolutional layers of the second series of convolutionallayers is configured to generate the respective disparity-warped featuremap based at least in part on the first image code.
 4. The computingsystem of claim 1, wherein the machine-learned image compression modelcomprises: a conditional entropy model including one or more neuralnetworks configured to model a probabilistic dependence between thefirst image code and the second image code.
 5. The computing system ofclaim 4, wherein: the conditional entropy model models a probability ofthe second image conditioned on the image data indicative of the firstimage from the first image sensor.
 6. The computing system of claim 4,wherein the disparity-warped feature data is first disparity-warpedfeature data, the plurality of respective parametric skip functions is afirst plurality of respective parametric skip functions, and themachine-learned image compression model comprises: a first decoderconfigured to generate first reconstructed image data including areconstruction of the first image based at least in part on the firstimage code, wherein the first decoder includes a third series ofconvolutional layers configured to generate a third series of respectivefeature maps based at least in part on the first image code; a seconddecoder configured to generate second reconstructed image data includinga reconstruction of the second image based at least in part on thesecond image code, wherein the second decoder includes a fourth seriesof convolutional layers configured to generate a fourth series ofrespective feature maps based at least in part on the second image codeand second disparity-warped feature data associated with the firstimage; and a second plurality of respective parametric skip functionsassociated with at least a subset of convolutional layers of the fourthseries of convolutional layers and configured to generate the seconddisparity-warped feature data based at least in part on disparityassociated with the third series of respective feature maps and thefourth series of respective feature maps.
 7. The computing system ofclaim 6, wherein: the machine-learned image compression model is trainedend-to-end to minimize an objective function including a first term thatencodes a reconstruction quality of the first image and the second imageand a second term that is associated with a bitrate predicted by theconditional entropy model.
 8. The computing system of claim 1, whereinthe respective parametric skip function associated with at least asubset of convolutional layers includes: a fully convolutional globalcontext encoding component configured to encode the first image code toa feature descriptor in order to capture global context informationassociated with the first image.
 9. The computing system of claim 8,wherein the respective parametric skip function associated with at leasta subset of convolutional layers includes: a stereo cost volumecomponent configured to estimate a cost volume based at least in part onthe respective feature map from the first series of respective featuremaps, the respective feature map from the second series of respectivefeature maps, and the global context information.
 10. The computingsystem of claim 9, wherein the respective parametric skip functionassociated with at least a subset of convolutional layers includes: afeature warping component configured to warp features associated withthe first image to align with the second image based at least in part onthe cost volume.
 11. The computing system of claim 8, wherein therespective parametric skip function associated with at least a subset ofconvolutional layers includes: an aggregation function configured togenerate a respective predicted feature map for the second image basedat least in part on the disparity-warped feature data associated withthe first image and the respective feature map from a previousconvolutional layer of the second series of convolutional layers. 12.The computing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media collectively store instructions that, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processorsto perform operations, the operations comprising: obtaining the firstimage data indicative of the first image and the second image dataindicative of the second image; inputting the first image dataindicative of the first image and the second image data indicative ofthe second image to the machine-learned image compression model; andreceiving compressed image data indicative of the first image code andthe second image code as an output of the machine-learned imagecompression model in response to the first image data indicative of thefirst image and the second image data indicative of the second image.13. A computer-implemented method of digital image compression, themethod comprising: obtaining, by a computing system comprising one ormore computing devices, first image data indicative of a first imageassociated with a first image sensor and second image data indicative ofa second image associated with a second image sensor; encoding, by thecomputing system using a first series of convolutional layers of amachine-learned image compression model, the first image data indicativeof the first image into a first series of respective feature maps and afirst image code; generating, by the computing system using a pluralityof parametric skip functions of the machine-learned image compressionmodel, disparity-warped featured data based at least in part on thefirst series of respective feature maps and a second series ofrespective feature maps; and encoding, by the computing system using asecond series of convolutional layers of a machine-learned imagecompression model, the second image data indicative of the second imageinto the second series of respective feature maps and a second imagecode based at least in part on the disparity-warped feature data. 14.The computer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein encoding the firstimage data indicative of the first image into the first image code andencoding the second image data indicative of the second image into thesecond image code comprises: modeling a probabilistic dependence betweenthe first image code and the second image code, wherein a probability ofthe second image is conditioned on the first image.
 15. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein generatingdisparity-warped feature data comprises: generating the disparity-warpedfeature data based at least in part on the first image code, the firstseries of respective feature maps, and the second series of respectivefeature maps.
 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein:each parametric skip function of the plurality of parametric skipfunctions is respectively associated with at least a subset ofconvolutional layers of the second series of convolutional layers; andgenerating disparity-warped feature data comprises generating, by arespective parametric skip function for each convolutional layer of thesubset of convolutional layers, a respective disparity-warped featuremap based at least in part on disparity between the respective featuremap from a previous convolutional layer of the second series ofconvolutional layers and the respective feature map from a previousconvolutional layer of the first series of convolutional layers.
 17. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein the disparity-warpedfeature data is first disparity-warped feature data and the plurality ofrespective parametric skip functions is a first plurality of respectiveparametric skip functions, the method further comprising: generatingfirst reconstructed image data including a reconstruction of the firstimage using a first decoder comprising a third series of convolutionallayers of the machine-learned image compression model, whereingenerating the first reconstructed image data including thereconstruction of the first image includes generating a third series ofrespective feature maps based at least in part on the first image code;generating, using a second plurality of respective parametric skipfunctions associated with at least a subset of convolutional layers ofthe third series of convolutional layers, second disparity-warpedfeature data based at least in part on disparity associated with thethird series of respective feature maps and a fourth series ofrespective feature maps; and generating second reconstructed image dataincluding a reconstruction of the second image using a second decodercomprising a fourth series of convolutional layers of themachine-learned image compression model, wherein generating the secondreconstructed image data including the reconstruction of the secondimage includes generating the fourth series of respective feature mapsbased at least in part on the second image code and the disparity-warpedfeature data associated with the first image.
 18. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein: the machine-learnedimage compression model is trained end-to-end to minimize an objectivefunction including a first term that encodes a reconstruction quality ofthe first image and the second image and a second term that isassociated with a bitrate predicted by a conditional entropy model. 19.An autonomous vehicle, comprising: a plurality of vehicle sensorsincluding a first image sensor and a second image sensor; one or moreprocessors; and one or more tangible, non-transitory, computer readablemedia that collectively store instructions that when executed by the oneor more processors cause the one or more processors to performoperations comprising: obtaining first image data indicative of a firstimage associated with the first image sensor and second image dataindicative of a second image associated with the second image sensor;encoding, using a first series of convolutional layers of amachine-learned image compression model, the first image data indicativeof the first image into a first series of respective feature maps and afirst image code; generating, using a plurality of skip functions of themachine-learned image compression model, disparity-warped featured databased at least in part on the first series of respective feature mapsand a second series of respective feature maps; and encoding, using asecond series of convolutional layers of the machine-learned imagecompression model, the second image data indicative of the second imageinto the second series of respective feature maps and a second imagecode based at least in part on the disparity-warped feature data. 20.The autonomous vehicle of any of claim 19, wherein the disparity-warpedfeature data is first disparity-warped feature data and the plurality ofrespective parametric skip functions is a first plurality of respectiveparametric skip functions, the operations further comprising generatingfirst reconstructed image data including a reconstruction of the firstimage using a first decoder comprising a third series of convolutionallayers of the machine-learned image compression model, whereingenerating the first reconstructed image data including thereconstruction of the first image includes generating a third series ofrespective feature maps based at least in part on the first image code;generating, using a second plurality of respective parametric skipfunctions associated with at least a subset of convolutional layers ofthe third series of convolutional layers, second disparity-warpedfeature data based at least in part on the third series of respectivefeature maps and a fourth series of respective feature maps; generatingsecond reconstructed image data including a reconstruction of the secondimage using a second decoder comprising a fourth series of convolutionallayers of the machine-learned image compression model, whereingenerating the second reconstructed image data including thereconstruction of the second image includes generating the fourth seriesof respective feature maps based at least in part on the second imagecode; and generating one or more motion plans based at least in part onthe first reconstructed image data and the second reconstructed imagedata.